I’d like to take a moment to mention a largely unrecognized component of CIFAC’s work: “deterrence.” I am happy to report from my participation at County Supervisors Association of California/County Engineers Association of California (CSAC/CEAC) events, and the League of California Cities (LCC) Partnership program, together with feedback from our own Regional Compliance Managers, that local governments know who we are and what we do. Our presence is a strong deterrent to their temptation to go to the dark side on “force account” issues. Although hard to measure exactly, our estimate is a minimum of $8 billion in the past 7 years.